Operators kya hote hai ?

Operators kuch symbols (Ex :- "+, -, *, /") hai jo programming me variables par kuch operations karte hai. Operators ka use calculations ya comparisons karne ke liye hota hai.

Python me mainly 7 types ke operators hote hai :-

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators

Ye operators mathematical calculations karne ke liye use hote hain. Operators: +, -, *, /, %, //, **

Operator	Naam	Example	Result
+	Addition	10 + 3	13
-	Subtraction	10 - 3	7
*	Multiplication	10 * 3	30
/	Division	10 / 3	3.333...
%	Modulus	10 % 3	1
//	Floor Division	10 // 3	3
**	Exponentiation	10 ** 3	1000

Example 1: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication aur Division

Python

In [1]:

a = 10
b = 3

print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Subtraction:", a - b)
print("Multiplication:", a * b)
print("Division:", a / b)

Output

Example 2: Modulus (%), Floor Division (//) aur Exponentiation (**)

Python

In [1]:

a = 10
b = 3

# Modulus - remainder deta hai
print("Modulus (%):", a % b)

# Floor Division - integer result deta hai (decimal cut hota hai)
print("Floor Division (//):", a // b)

# Exponentiation - power calculate karta hai
print("Exponentiation (**):", a ** b)

Output

2. Comparison (Relational) Operators

Ye operators do values ko compare karte hain aur result hamesha True ya False (Boolean) hota hai. Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Operator	Matlab	Example	Result
==	Equal to	5 == 5	True
!=	Not equal to	5 != 3	True
>	Greater than	5 > 3	True
<	Less than	5 < 3	False
>=	Greater than or equal	5 >= 5	True
<=	Less than or equal	5 <= 3	False

Example 1: Equal (==) aur Not Equal (!=)

Python

In [1]:

x = 5
y = 10

print("x == y:", x == y)   # Kya x aur y equal hain?
print("x != y:", x != y)   # Kya x aur y unequal hain?
print("x == 5:", x == 5)   # Kya x, 5 ke barabar hai?

Output

Example 2: Greater / Less than Operators

Python

In [1]:

a = 8
b = 5

print("a > b :", a > b)    # a bada hai b se?
print("a < b :", a < b)    # a chota hai b se?
print("a >= 8:", a >= 8)   # a, 8 se bada ya barabar?
print("b <= 4:", b <= 4)   # b, 4 se chota ya barabar?

Output

3. Assignment Operators

Ye operators variable me value assign karne ke liye use hote hain. = simple assignment hai, baaki shorthand hain jaise +=, -=, *= etc.

Operator	Example	Matlab
=	x = 5	x me 5 assign karo
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x - 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
//=	x //= 3	x = x // 3
**=	x **= 3	x = x ** 3

Example 1: Simple aur Compound Assignment (+=, -=)

Python

In [1]:

x = 10
print("Initial x:", x)

x += 5       # x = x + 5
print("After x += 5 :", x)

x -= 3       # x = x - 3
print("After x -= 3 :", x)

Output

Example 2: Multiply, Divide aur Power Assignment (*=, /=, **=)

Python

In [1]:

x = 4
print("Initial x:", x)

x *= 3       # x = x * 3
print("After x *= 3 :", x)

x /= 6       # x = x / 6
print("After x /= 6 :", x)

x = 2
x **= 4      # x = x ** 4
print("After x **= 4 :", x)

Output

4. Logical Operators

Ye operators multiple conditions ko combine karne ke liye use hote hain. Result hamesha True ya False hota hai. Operators: and, or, not

Operator	Matlab	Example	Result
and	Dono conditions True hon tabhi True	True and False	False
or	Koi ek condition True ho toh True	True or False	True
not	Condition ko ulta kar deta hai	not True	False

Example 1: and aur or Operator

Python

In [1]:

age = 20
has_id = True

# and - dono True hone chahiye
print("Age > 18 and has_id:", age > 18 and has_id)

# or - koi ek True ho toh bhi chalega
is_member = False
print("Age > 18 or is_member:", age > 18 or is_member)

Output

Example 2: not Operator

Python

In [1]:

is_raining = False

# not - value ko ulta kar deta hai
print("is_raining:", is_raining)
print("not is_raining:", not is_raining)

x = 10
print("not (x > 5):", not (x > 5))   # x > 5 True hai, not karne se False

Output

5. Bitwise Operators

Ye operators binary level par (bits pe) kaam karte hain. Ye advanced programming aur low-level operations me use hote hain. Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

Operator	Naam	Example (a=5, b=3)	Result
&	AND	5 & 3	1
\|	OR	5 \| 3	7
^	XOR	5 ^ 3	6
~	NOT	~5	-6
<<	Left Shift	5 << 1	10
>>	Right Shift	5 >> 1	2

Example 1: AND (&), OR (|) aur XOR (^)

Python

In [1]:

a = 5   # Binary: 0101
b = 3   # Binary: 0011

print("a & b (AND):", a & b)   # 0001 = 1
print("a | b (OR) :", a | b)   # 0111 = 7
print("a ^ b (XOR):", a ^ b)   # 0110 = 6

Output

Example 2: NOT (~), Left Shift (<<) aur Right Shift (>>)

Python

In [1]:

a = 5   # Binary: 0101

print("~a (NOT)         :", ~a)       # -(a+1) = -6
print("a << 1 (Left)    :", a << 1)   # 1010 = 10 (multiply by 2)
print("a >> 1 (Right)   :", a >> 1)   # 0010 = 2  (divide by 2)

Output

6. Membership Operators

Ye operators check karte hain ki koi value sequence me hai ya nahi (jaise list, string, tuple, etc.). Operators: in, not in

Operator	Matlab	Example	Result
in	Value present hai sequence me	"a" in "apple"	True
not in	Value present nahi hai sequence me	"z" not in "apple"	True

Example 1: List me "in" operator

Python

In [1]:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]

print("apple in fruits  :", "apple" in fruits)
print("grapes in fruits :", "grapes" in fruits)
print("grapes not in fruits:", "grapes" not in fruits)

Output

Example 2: String me "in" operator

Python

In [1]:

sentence = "Python ek best language hai"

print("'Python' in sentence :", "Python" in sentence)
print("'Java' in sentence   :", "Java" in sentence)
print("'Java' not in sentence:", "Java" not in sentence)

Output

7. Identity Operators

Ye operators check karte hain ki do variables same memory location ko point kar rahe hain ya nahi. Sirf values nahi, identity (object) compare hoti hai. Operators: is, is not

Operator	Matlab	Example	Result
is	Dono same object hain?	a is b	True / False
is not	Dono alag objects hain?	a is not b	True / False

Example 1: "is" Operator

Python

In [1]:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a         # b aur a same object ko point kar rahe hain
c = [1, 2, 3] # c alag object hai (same values, alag memory)

print("a is b :", a is b)   # True - same object
print("a is c :", a is c)   # False - alag objects

Output

Example 2: "is not" aur == vs is ka fark

Python

In [1]:

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]

# == sirf values compare karta hai
print("x == y :", x == y)     # True - values same hain

# is memory address compare karta hai
print("x is y :", x is y)     # False - alag objects

# is not
print("x is not y:", x is not y)  # True - dono alag hain

Output

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